Lab Report for n-Butyl Bromide Preparation Essay Example

Lab Report for n Lab Report for n-Butyl Bromide Preparation Paper Lab Report for n-Butyl Bromide Preparation Paper Add drop of water to watery arrangement that you intend to dispose of. Ensure water breaks down then dispose of. Add ml MM HOSTS to residual arrangement and shake. Once more, expel the watery layer on base and dispose of. Add ml of water to arrangement and shake. Natural layer on base, move base layer to clean ml vial. Include immersed watery sodium bicarbonate a little at once while mixing. Shake and permit layers to isolate. Move lower alkyl halide layer in ml conelike vial utilizing pipette. Dry arrangement over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Distil dry arrangement utilizing Hickman still. At the point when refining total, gauge the vial and compute percent yield. Decide the infrared range of item utilizing salt plate. Day 1: First I gauged an unfilled ml jar with cover = 15. Egg. At that point I included the n-butyl liquor into the cup and gauged that weight = 17. Egg. I can deduct the two qualities to decide the specific load of n-butyl liquor included 17. Egg-15. Egg = 1. Egg n-butyl liquor. I at that point included 2. Ml of water and around 2. Egg of sodium bromide to the flagon and put it in an ice shower. I gradually included sulfuric corrosive drop by drop to the arrangement. At that point I expelled the cup from the ice shower and set it in the gathered reflux contraption and started the warming procedure for 60 min. After the warming procedure was finished, I saw that the natural layer of the blend turned brilliant red. I extricated the natural layer by expelling and disposing of the watery base layer utilizing a pipette. To ensure I had no natural arrangement in the watery concentrate, I included a drop of water and it disintegrated demonstrating that my fluid concentrate was simply fluid. I put the rest of the arrangement in a spotless ml vial and put it in the cooler. Day 2: After freezing the arrangement short-term, the natural layer turned a copper/earthy colored shading. I added ml of HOSTS to the vial and the two layers shaped with the natural layer on top. Evacuated and disposed of the watery arrangement utilizing a pipette. I at that point included ml of H2O and two layers framed with the natural layer on the base. Utilizing a pipette I moved the base layer too clean ml vial. At that point included ml of sodium bicarbonate a little at once, shaking and venting every now and again. After the layers isolated I moved the lower alkyl halide layer to dry ml vial and dried this arrangement with granular anhydrous sodium sulfate. Id not have enough alkyl halide layer left to distil, so I gauged it and afterward played out the IR range with it. System of Product Synthesis: Results: As recently expressed, I needed more closure item to play out the refining so this is the mass of my item without refining included. Mass of conclusive item: Mass of item + vial = 21. Egg Mass of vial just = 20. Egg Mass of item, alkyl layer = 21. Egg-20. Egg The presence of my item was clear Percent Yield = genuine/hypothetical x 100 Conclusion: = 0. Egg During this test, there were numerous odds for botches. With each extraction of one layer from another, item could have effortlessly been abandoned and disposed of in the fluid arrangement. The inverse could have happened as well. A portion of the fluid arrangement could have wound up in the closure item, which would have forestalled exactness in the loads. Both of these mistakes could clarify why my percent yield is so low. Each time you move the item into another holder you chance losing some of it behind all the while.

Hamas - Terrorist Organization, Popular Amongst Its Populace Case Study

Hamas - Terrorist Organization, Popular Amongst Its Populace - Case Study Example This contextual investigation will make an endeavor to outline the basic nature, reality, presence and goals of a methodology, prevalently named as â€Å"terrorism†, that is drastically inverse to the Gandhian way of thinking. So as to accomplish the objective of this examination, a fear based oppressor bunch called â€Å"HAMAS† has been chosen to be concentrated as the case. At the start, it might be appropriate to comprehend the term â€Å"terrorism†. According to Federal Bureau of Investigation, Terrorism has been characterized as the unlawful utilization of power and brutality against people or property to scare or pressure a legislature, the regular citizen populace, or any fragment thereof, in facilitation of political or social destinations. For the most part, fear based oppressors - the advocates and specialists of psychological oppression, point unlawful utilization of power to threaten the gathering that, in ordinary conditions, doesn't support their belief systems. As of late, authoritative fear based oppression, one of the variations of psychological warfare has emerged in practically all pieces of the globe and have stayed at the center of attention from at some point. Significantly, fear mongering is revolved around the push to draw the consideration of the legislatures to the reason for these associations. Generally it is accepted that such psychological oppressor gatherings or associations need political help or social sponsorship. According to one of the Hadiths (articulations and practices/choices of Prophet Mohammed, Hadiths were gathered after his demise and they help regarding the translation and comprehension of the Quran †the Holy Book): â€Å"The Day of Judgment won't happen until Moslems battle Jews, when Jew will hole up behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say, O Moslems, O Abdullah there is a Jew behind me, come and slaughter him. Just Gharkad tree, would not do that since it is one of the trees of the Jews† (Hamas Covenant 1988). Article Seven of 1988 contract according to which the extreme Islam bunch called Islamic Resistance Movement or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya †Hamas in condensed structure, was formed.â

How to Reduce Sexual Side Effects From Antidepressants

How to Reduce Sexual Side Effects From Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print How to Reduce Sexual Side Effects From Antidepressants Coping When Your Libido Takes a Hit By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 24, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Noel HendricksonCollection / Photographers Choice RF / Getty Images Loss of sexual desire and difficulties performing during intimate encounters can be symptoms of depression, but they can also be side effects of many medications used to treat depression. While antidepressants are often integral to managing depression, sexuality is an important piece of a healthy life for many people. Experiencing sexual side effects from antidepressants can be frustrating and disheartening, but there are ways to address them.   Talking openly with a partner, doctor, or mental health care provider about sex may feel daunting, but it’s the first step to finding solutions. Here’s what you need to know about how depression and its treatment can affect your sex life, as well as some potential ways to address these challenges.   Coping With Sexual Side Effects of Antidepressants Depression and antidepressant medications can cause symptoms such as low libido, vaginal dryness, and erectile dysfunction.?? People may also find it more difficult to have an orgasm, or may not have orgasms at all.     Research indicates these sexual side effects are quite common.?? In fact, a 2002 meta-analysis of more than 14,000 people found that a diagnosis of depression carries a 50% to 70% risk for developing sexual dysfunction. The risk was slightly increased in people who were taking antidepressants (71% vs. 65% in people who were not being treated).   Sexual dysfunction related to depression may be even more prevalent than the statistics show. People may feel embarrassed and reluctant to report sexual problems to their doctor or psychiatrist. Even when they do share these side effects, a connection between the changes in their sex life and depression or medication may not be made.     If you are experiencing sexual dysfunction, you can take the first step toward addressing it by acknowledging it exists and speaking up about it to your partner, as well as your doctor or therapist. Communication will be very importantâ€"not just with your partner, but with your health care team. For example, if you are considering a different medication, want to change your dose, or add a supplement, always talk to your doctor and/or psychiatrist before making changes.   While these approaches can be a helpful place to start, they may not work for everyone. You may need to try more than one before you find something that effectively addresses your symptoms.??   Ask About a Lower Dose With your doctors guidance, you may be able to take a lower dose of your antidepressant. Some people find this change is enough to reduce the sexual side effects while still effectively treating their depression.   Research has shown that some people with depression prescribed a standard dose of 20 milligrams of Prozac (fluoxetine) per day felt their symptoms were as well-managed when they only took 5â€"10mg a day. Plus, they experienced fewer side effects on a lower dose.   Have Sex Before You Take Your Pill The timing of when you take your antidepressant may make a difference in your sex drive as well. Waiting until after you’ve had sex to take medications like Zoloft (sertraline) or tricyclic antidepressants may help reduce the sexual side effects, as you’re engaging in intimacy when the levels of the drugs in your body are lowest.   Deciding when to take your medication will depend on many factors, such as your daily routine or other side effects you experience (such as nausea, which may be reduced if you take your pill with food, or trouble sleeping). When you’re deciding when to take your pill, make sure to factor your pattern of sexual activity into your scheduling. If you are most likely to have sex in the evening, it may help if you take your pill in the morning.   What Time of Day Should You Take Antidepressants? Try Meds That Treat Sexual Dysfunction Certain types of antidepressant medications may be less likely to have sexual side effects.   Wellbutrin (bupropion), a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), works in a different way than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil (paroxetine). For some people experiencing sexual side effects when taking SSRIs, switching to an NDRI like Wellbutrin is enough to solve the problem.   In some cases, your doctor may want you to continue taking the medication you were originally prescribed for depression but add Wellbutrin as well.   They may also recommend drugs that are specifically designed to treat sexual dysfunction. Research has shown that in addition to antidepressants, people who experience erectile dysfunction can benefit from medications such as Viagra (sildenafil) or Cialis (tadalafil) that are targeted to treat the disorder.  ?? Does Zoloft Cause Erectile Dysfunction? Take a Medication Holiday If your doctor would prefer to stay on the same dose of your medication, you may be able to talk to them about taking periodic breaks or drug holidays. Some people find that scheduling a day or two off from taking certain antidepressants, such as Zoloft and Paxil, allows them to get relief from the side effects without interrupting the therapeutic benefits.   However, this strategy may not work with every antidepressant. Prozac, for example, has a much longer half-life than most antidepressants, which means the level of the drug remains consistent in your body for an extended period of time after you stop taking it.   While the drug’s long half-life can be beneficial when you’re trying to stop or switch antidepressants (as it makes withdrawal symptoms less likely), it also makes taking a “holiday” from the medication more difficult.     Experiment With Alternatives If you’ve tried making adjustments to your antidepressant or switching meds but the sexual side effects persist, you may want to shift your focus to other approaches.   Methods for addressing the sexual side effects of antidepressants can also help if the symptoms you’re experiencing are being caused by depression. You may find these strategies even help you better manage your depression overall.   Psychotherapy, acupuncture, nutritional supplements, and other alternatives may be worth trying. You can also encourage your partner to get in on some of these lifestyle changes. You might try exercising together to gear up for sex or incorporate new types of stimulation into your routine.     Consider Other Causes If you’ve tried to address your sexual symptoms with multiple methods and aren’t seeing any improvement, it may be that there’s another cause.   There are many psychological and physical ailments that can affect your sexuality other than depression and medications. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a common, but not frequently discussed, sexual health condition.?? People with HSDD (now split into two disorders in the DSM-5: female sexual interest/arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder) experience no drive for sexual or intimate experiences. A person with HSDD does not pursue sexual closeness and many do not think or fantasize about sex. Low libido or lack of interest in sex is not always experienced as a problem; in fact, it can be a valid sexual identity for some people (asexuality).  However, this is not the case for people with HSDD. People with the condition are distressed by their lack of desire,?? which they often report has a profoundly negative impact on their relationships.   An Overview of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Sexual dysfunction can also be caused by certain behaviors. If you use alcohol or other substances, sexual side effects may be felt when youre using and/or when you are withdrawing. Age-related changes, chronic illness or pain, and life stressors (such as having a new baby or starting a new job) can also impact your sex life. These factors may make it more challenging to cope with sexual side effects caused by depression or medications. How Stress Can Cause a Low Libido Talking With Your Partner   Communication is an important part of a healthy relationship, but when you and your partner are dealing with sexual difficulties, it’s even more important that you can talk to each other.   Discussing these topics may be emotionally intense and will require both of you to find (or make) time for the conversation, but its important that you do. Maintaining open dialogue is part of keeping your relationship strong. Together, you and your partner can create a space in which you both feel safe expressing your feelings. By the end of the talk, you will each ideally come away feeling heard, understood, and that you have the other persons love and support. Every couple has their own way of communicating and each person in the relationship has a different style of expressing how they feel.   Your individual emotional and sexual needs (as well as those of your partner) are unique, but you may find these general guidelines can help you both communicate more effectively.   Don’t stay silent. You might be hesitant to acknowledge the difficulties, but you won’t be able to work toward a solution until they are out in the open and up for discussion. Talking with your doctor or therapist first can help you figure out how to best approach the conversation with your partner when you’re ready.  Avoid blame. Whether you are experiencing the symptoms of sexual dysfunction yourself or you are the partner of someone who is, do your best to keep blame out of the conversation. Avoid placing blame on the other person, but also resist the urge to blame yourself.  Be honest. It can be difficult to express disappointment and frustration in a relationship, but these feelings can be even more sensitive when they’re about sex. You might think that keeping these emotions from your partner is saving their feelings, but ignoring your own emotional needs or playing them down isn’t healthy for you or your relationship.Work together. Depression can make someone feel ve ry alone. When you love someone who is depressed you may feel isolated from them. If you and your partner are trying to work through sexual difficulties in your relationship that are stemming from depression, approach the problem solving from a team perspective rather than an individual perspective. Remember that you are in it together. Reinforce your partnership often and in ways that are separate from sex.  Ask for help. If you are struggling to communicate, you and your partner may benefit from relationship counseling. Having a trusted therapist create a safe space to openly share feelings and work on a problem can make all the difference to couples who have had a hard time figuring it out on their own. A therapist can also act as a moderator and make sure each person gets a chance to share feelings and offer ideas. A therapist’s own knowledge and experience can also make them an invaluable resource for possible solutions.   How to Have the Sex Talk With Your Partner

Determinism Is True By Robert Blatchford And Walter...

Many times I find myself sitting and wondering whether I am fully free or not. I wake up every single morning and do the same routine, which is eat breakfast, go to class or work, do homework, go to the gym, shower, and then go to bed. Does this truly mean I am free? There are a lot of questions that you can ask yourself while following a routine. Is this really the path I should have taken? Were my choices determined by external factors? Determinism is the thesis that an any instant there is only one physically possible future. Robert Blatchford and Walter Terence Stace, two philosophers, both agree that determinism is true, although they have two different views on whether this means that people are free or not. Blatchford believes that everything is predestined. Stace on the other hand, believes that a person chooses what they do because of free will. In this essay I am going to discuss both of the philosophers’ views more in depth and why I favor Stace’s view over B latchford’s. Hard determinism is the belief that every event has one cause and one outcome. Blatchford agrees with this idea that everything is predestined. He believes that to freely choose, one has to be able to choose alternative paths. According to Blatchford, in his essay â€Å"Not Guilty,† human behavior is compelled by heredity and environment. He believes that every event in human behavior is caused because of a person’s heredity and environment. Blatchford does admit though that our thoughts, desires,

The New Emerging Diseases / Virus Essay - 1345 Words

Have you ever watch a science fiction movie about the end of the world where is cause by a disease, viruses, epidemic or natural phenomena like Planet of the Apes? You probably watched, among other cool and interesting movies. The problem is that sometimes we take the message behind the movie as a funny, not serious and dramatic scenes, lightly. Lately, there are been a lot of breakout of new diseases that affect the population in different regions of the world and that are spreading to new regions. Besides been a problem to the health of the people, there is a greater problem. The problem is that people are not inform, does not read or watch news because of work or other reasons. Therefore, it would be interesting to know and discuss one of the new emerging diseases/virus that have pass from a normal fever to a STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) diseases. Can you guess or have a clue which diseases is? If you thought about Ebola, you are wrong, is the famous ZIKA. In this paper, th e complex issues involved in the emergence of Zika virus will be examine and discuss. Moreover, this paper also aims to provide insights into determine and treatment of Zika virus. Hoping that the lessons learned from distinct countries experiencing the outbreak can provide valuable information to deal with the new infectious diseases. Zika is one of the new trending virus disease in the world. A virus is â€Å"any member of a unique class of infectious agents, which were originally distinguished byShow MoreRelatedMobile Rapid PCR Diagnostic Device And Asay Card For Dengue Virus1038 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnostic device and assay card for dengue virus (DENV), Plasmodium spp., Zika virus (ZIKV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Yersinia pestis, Leptospira spp., and the emerging infections Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus to support a regulatory filing with the FDA. 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The Subject Of General Science Education Essay Free Essays

1. INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH: The usage of computing machine Technology in the schoolroom offers the pupils an sole and utile acquisition pattern. Technology usage helps instructors by making abstract constructs more concrete for the pupils. We will write a custom essay sample on The Subject Of General Science Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now These yearss, teen-agers are larning to utilize engineering at younger ages really quickly every twenty-four hours. The pupils from in-between degree schools are able to utilize the engineering if they are given devices. Sooner or subsequently, the usage of computing machine engineering in schools is going a popular tendency. It will be interesting to see pupils taking a practical field trip on the cyberspace or with the aid of simulation package on a standalone computing machine to anywhere in the universe. Research in the past decennary has shown that computing machine engineering is an effectual agencies for distributing educational chances, but the job is that most of the instructors do non cognize the usage of computing machines in our schools as there is no computing machine related particular station at in-between degree. Therefore, they are unable to incorporate computing machine engineering into their course of study. Drenoyianni and Selwood ( 1998 ) stated that incorporating computing machines in schoolrooms can travel patterns of rote-memorization, stiff course of study, and teacher-centered direction into a more student-centered environment where scholars are able to pull off their ain acquisition. Edgar Dale ( 1946 ) developed ‘Cone of Experience ‘ to depict ocular effects for larning terminals. Dale ‘s Cone theory of larning bases that people recall 10 % of the information they read, 20 % they hear, 30 % they see, 50 % they hear and see, 70 % they say and write or portion with others, and 90 % they teach to others. In our school system in KPK Pakistan, General Science every bit good as other topics are offered to pupils in a traditional manner which depends on the talk method, in which the instructor does all or most of the activities. In the last few old ages, many functionaries and determination shapers in the field of instruction have called for new methods of learning. Computer-based direction is considered among the advanced methods that can ease more communicating between instructors and pupils and therefore decidedly influence pupils ‘ acquisition. The people learn better from existent experiences than from theoretical stated symbols. The usage of computing machine engineering invariably forces us to reconsider what we do and why we do it. As pedagogues, our duty is to do acquisition easier for our pupils. In sing the teaching method of instruction and acquisition, it is of import that we use engineering to better the acquisition of our pupils. If the usage of computing machine based instructions does non better the instruction larning procedure so there is no demand to utilize it. As instructors we need to incorporate engineering into the course of study we teach so that sound educational acquisition rules remain organized. Harmonizing to Knode ( 2008 ) , the use of engineering in the schoolroom is an explosive new manner. The sum of media that has been exposed to pupils in the schoolroom is immense in recent old ages. We must make up one’s mind whether this transmutation is overall traveling to assist or upset schools. In the long tally, will these new signifiers of assisting information reach the multitudes become more of a distraction? The usage of computing machines, films, telecasting, wirelesss, and e-learning tools can be a immense support in assisting kids to understand subjects that were really hard earlier. We can hold ourselves a aureate age of chance in instruction with accurate application of engineering and the right sum of focal point from the pupils. Technology integrating is the term used by pedagogues to depict effectual utilizations of engineering by instructors and pupils in schoolrooms. Technology integrating has a positive consequence on pupils ‘ motive, involvement and battle in larning. Many pedagogues believe that the new computing machine -based engineerings have much to offer instruction and that intermixing of engineering into school scenes will convey utile alterations. In this survey the nature of engineering, learning and acquisition will be analysed to place the possible application of computer-based Instruction manuals to classroom acquisition. Different types of applications use in learning tilting procedure will be identified and analysed with their benefits and restrictions. The survey will place and analyze different positions on how alteration should be approached and implemented. Christian ( n.k, p. 6-7 ) lists assorted engineerings that are being used or presently being used in the schoolroom ( from older 1s to more recent 1s ) : pencils, pens and paper ; chalks and blackboards ; dry-erase markers and ( inactive whiteboards ) ; books ( foremost on paper, so via e-book formats ) ; overhead transparences ; projectors ; exposure ; instructional wireless ; instructional telecasting ; educational movies ; educational Television ; media projectors ; synergistic whiteboards and presentation engineerings ; computing machines and computer-related engineerings ( such as laptops, workstations, waiters ; PowerPoint, web logs ; wikis, societal bookmarking ; podcasts, multimedia-based acquisition objects, multimedia-based presentations, simulations, Internet-based applications and systems, office productiveness package ) ; network-based engineerings systems involved with presenting web-based learning/distance learning/online acquisition ; on-line library databases ; elect ronic mail ; unrecorded chat/text messaging ; treatment boards ; web-based videoconferencing ; etc. Most of the above listed engineerings are beyond believing to be used in authorities schools of Pakistan at present, as the authorities was barely able to carry through the free books box this twelvemonth ( 2012 ) in KPK. Even in more advanced states, the above new engineerings are used seldom at in-between degree. Computer-based direction is fast going an built-in portion of instruction. Much of the current research has found that computer-based direction is every bit effectual as other. It is important that pupils enrolled in computer-based direction perform every bit good as compared to their lecture-based opposite numbers. The intent of this survey is to compare the effects of technology-enhanced direction and traditional direction in footings of pupil academic accomplishment and pupil attitude towards engineering. In making this comparing, It is hoped to derive an apprehension of how engineering is being used in direction. This survey has been concentrated on comparing two methods of direction technology-enhanced direction and traditional direction Purpose of the survey: Computer-based direction is going an indispensable portion of instruction really quickly. Much of the current researches have proved that computer-based direction is every bit effectual as other instructional methods. The pupils in a schoolroom of computer-based direction perform significantly good as compared to their other opposite numbers. The intent of this survey is to compare computer-based Instruction and traditional direction in footings of pupil academic accomplishment and pupil attitude towards computing machines. In this survey, the research worker is besides optimistic to derive an apprehension of how computing machines are being used in a General Science schoolroom environment. In this survey, the following two methods of instructions will be compared. ( 1 ) . Computer-Based direction ( 2 ) . Traditional instruction- The intent of the survey is: – To happen out the influence of computing machine based instructions on in-between degree pupils in the topic of General Science and to judge whether the utilizations of Computers enhance the public presentation of the pupils. To detect whether instructors available have equal consciousness and preparation of computing machine. To look into instructors and pupils ‘ attitudes towards computing machines and utilizations of computing machine for meaningful direction. To see whether the necessary substructure is available in the schools. 2. Statement OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM: The survey is an experimental usage of computer-based Instruction manuals at 8th class center schools ‘ pupils, taken from three authorities Schools of Town IV Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is besides intended to do suggestions and recommendations to better the public presentation of the pupils in the acquisition procedure and the usage of engineering into the schoolroom posing. The research worker will seek to research to what extent in the bringing of the course of study, the usage of computer-based Instructions contribute to the academic public presentation and attitude of pupils in 8th class schoolrooms. This survey will detect whether the pupils experience interest/difficulty throughout the conventional/new methodological analysis? This survey will besides concentrate on the barriers instructors are confronting with when using the available engineering into their schoolroom instruction. The ultimate concern is, can the usage of computing machines, as a addendum to conventional direction motivate pupils and bring forth higher accomplishments in accomplishments development of the pupils? 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The Aims of the survey are: – To happen out the impact of computer-based Instruction manuals on the public presentation of 8th grad pupils in the topic of General Science. To happen out the difference between â€Å" learning with engineering † and â€Å" learning without engineering † . ToA investigateA about the attitudesA of the pupils towards the usage of new learning method in the schoolroom. To mean the function of computing machines in the instruction larning procedure. 4. RESEARCH Hypothesis: There is a important difference in the average tonss of the pupils taught with the aid of computing machines and those taught by traditional method. The integrating of computing machines in instructional procedure strengthens the terminal consequence. Technologies engage the pupils in the acquisition procedure. 5. Significance OF THE RESEARCH: This survey is of import because it may convey visions into engineering influences upon instructors, instructional methodological analysis and school civilization that may be feasible and suited to other schools. As citizens and pedagogues express concerns over the benefits and costs of educational engineering, this survey may supply apprehensions into that argument by supplying informations on pupils ‘ usage of engineering. This survey will besides analyze and compare concerns by the instructors about the usage and proviso of engineering. The consequences of the survey will supply high benefits to the schools. The pupils may accomplish greater benefits by the usage of improved instruction methodological analysis and different educational package. 6. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE: Computer-based direction ( CBI ) was considered the technological phenomenon to revolutionise instruction and preparation. Today, the Internet and computing machine engineering are reported to hold significantly changed the instruction landscape ( Johnson A ; Aragon, 2002 ) . The rapid progresss in engineering, the demand for womb-to-tomb acquisition, and the growing of non- traditional pupils have encouraged the usage of the computing machine as a method of instructional bringing. Measuring the effectivity of CBI as a whole engineering is really hard. The inability to mensurate effectivity is attributable in portion to the fact that CBI is non merely one constituent, but a complex scope of services and activities carried out for instructional and learning intents ( Gibbons A ; Fairweather, 2000 ) . Some of the advantages for utilizing the computing machine as a method of instructional bringing are that it: provides consistence of content bringing ; provides preparation to remote locations ; eliminates cost associated with employees ‘ travel ; provides agencies of tracking scholar ‘s advancement ; provides standardised testing ; offers learner flexibleness in commanding and pacing acquisition ; provides for diverse acquisition demands ; provi des chances for pattern through simulation ; provides greater keeping ; and reduces the instructional clip by about 30 per centum. Two decisions drawn from meta-studies on CBI are: ( 1 ) scholars by and large learn more utilizing CBI than they do with conventional ways of learning as measured by higher post-treatment trial tonss ( Fletcher, 1999 ; Kulik, 1994 ) , and ( 2 ) scholars utilizing CBI by and large do so in less clip than those utilizing traditional attacks ( Kulik A ; Kulik, 1991 ; Orlansky A ; String, l979 ) . When you look at all the advantages of computer- Pence ( 2009-2010 ) says that it has been over a decennary since the computing machine moved from being chiefly a computational and record maintaining device to its present province as a communications hub. Some, including this writer, have called the application of calculating engineering to classroom direction revolutionist. Is this claim justified? More significantly, how will societal networking affect the college schoolroom in the coming decennary? Will the twenty-first Century schoolroom truly be significantly different from that of the yesteryear? This article is an effort to reply these inquiries. Each twelvemonth, Technology is going more a ball of instruction Harmonizing to Jane Carlson-Pickering ( 1999 ) The pupils get a sense of duty with the aid of engineering that show the increased deepness of their cognition and capacity They can be more originative and more in control as they can now rewind, fast-forward, intermission, halt and reappraisal resources at their ain velocity. D’Angelo A ; Woosley ( 2007, p. 462 ) province â€Å" Technology has evolved and become more cardinal to learning and larning. † They by mentioning the plants of assorted research workers, show that engineering is being used across subjects. Molebash ( 2000, p. 24-38 ) suggests that as engineering plays a larger function in instruction, any anticipations refering the hereafter of instruction must include an analysis of technological tendencies and Tendencies in engineering are making a hereafter that is geting faster than instruction is fixing for it. Turner ( 2006, p.1 ) says that the outgrowth of new engineerings is altering the whole scenario like societies, the manner of life, the manner we talk and do trade and besides the manner we learn. Our educational systems are confronting important force per unit area to alter in order to sufficiently fix pupils to populate, larn and work in a planetary digital age. As a consequence of this force per unit area, everyplace in the universe in many schools, engineering is going a tool for heightening instruction and acquisition procedures and fixing pupils for the new universe in which they live. Education throughout the universe is bit by bit sing a major paradigm alteration from traditional larning environments to new unfastened acquisition environments.Consider the following tabular array which defines that displacement. Traditional Learning Environments New Learning Environments O Teacher-centred direction a Learner-centred direction O Passive larning a Active acquisition O One primary media a Multimedia O Individual work a Collaborative work O Information bringing a Information exchange O Focus on facts and knowledge a Critical thought and job resolution O Isolated, unreal environment a Authentic, real-world environment O Assessment by proving a Authentic appraisal ( UNESCO Bangkok, 2005, P. IV. ) As a consequence of rapid development of engineering the course of study is going more dynamic and synergistic. The integrating of computing machines in schoolroom encourages pupils and engages in more independent, collaborative activities. Technology besides enables instructors to near the course of study from different positions, like multimedia applications, simulations, educational games, Drill and Practice package and many other ways of larning that have been ignored by traditional educational methods. The instructors must seek to modify their pedagogical abilities to incorporate the course of study content with new technological accomplishments that pupils are required to larn. However, harmonizing to Hill, Wiley, Nelson, A ; Han, ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Theoretical foundations, including teaching methods, appear to hold non developed at the same gait as technological growing in the universe † Roblyer A ; Doering, ( 2009 ) are of the position to place specific learning A ; larning jobs which engineering can assist turn to and how it can make learning chances that did non be. D’Angelo A ; Woosley ( 2007 ) , there is non understanding amongst those involved with instruction and larning sing the usage of engineering within the schoolroom. So they stress that it ‘s deserving reexamining the assorted positions involved. Integrating engineering is besides an of import subject because of how engineering acts as a alteration accelerator Christian, ( 2009 p.3-4 ) mentioning the work of Burbules and Callister ( 2000, p. 273 ) ask, â€Å" What happens to the establishments when new users and new communities expect and possibly demand entree to academic resources and privileges that have normally been rather limited, rare, and expensive? The effects of these displacements can non be overdramatized. † Technological alterations are act uponing and will go on to act upon this state of affairs. Effective instruction and acquisition is the support of establishments. So for these and other grounds, this subject is relevant and of import. Therefore, it ‘s indispensable to the hereafter of educational establishments to take stairss to supply expertness and resources to the schools particularly at simple degree as the pupils of this age group take more involvement in utilizing technological devices and its related plans. 7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Type/ Nature of the Research The method of research is an experimental 1. Students of in-between class will be introduced to experiment. Population A ; range of the survey The survey consists of in-between degree pupils of urban countries of Town IV Peshawar, KPK. Beginnings and types of informations To research the attitudes, behaviors and experiences of the pupils under experiment a questionnaire will be developed which will cover all necessary information relevant to the subject under survey. Data will be collected through the questionnaire from the instructors learning at in-between degree and pupils of in-between degree under survey. The questionnaire will assist to construe and better understand the complex world of the given state of affairs and experiment. Research Approach Trial will be used as a research instrument to happen out the public presentation of the pupils before and after giving the intervention. On the footing of a pre-test, two every bit competent groups will be decided. This survey will be confined to four chapters/Ten Lesson plans in the said topic. Experiment 1 Experimental Control Technology Traditional Group A Group B After giving the intervention to both of the groups, i.e. ( learning with computer-based Instruction manuals and learning in traditional method ) a station trial of 100 Markss will be conducted to happen out if any difference exists in the public presentation of the pupils taught in different methods. After acquiring the consequences, the groups will be shuffled and this clip Group B will be treated with Computer-based Instruction manuals and Group A with traditional method in the same mode with the debut of new chapters. Experiment 2 Experimental Control Technology Traditional Group B Group A Course Contentss for 1st Experiment. Contentss Animals World Temperature and thermic enlargement Lenss Earth, stars and Galaxy Course Contentss for 2nd Experiment. Plant Structure Transportation Nutrition and Respiration Sense Variety meats Earth and Space Time Table for my work in each of the schools one by one. Dayss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mon 8E 8C Tue 8E 8C Midweek 8E 8C Thu 8E 8C Fri 8E 8C Sabbatum 8E 8C E= Experimental C= Controlled Group Experimental 1 Mean Control 1 Mean Experimental 2 Mean Control 2 Mean School Name A A A A GHS Gulshan Rehman GMS Landi Arbab GHS Deh Bahadur All Group Mean Score South dakota Mid Diff Thymine Phosphorus Experimental Group Control Group Sample Plan: Sample, sample size and sampling technique employed. Sample: Purposive sampling technique will be used for the choice of sample. Students of 8th categories of four authorities schools of Town IV Peshawar will be introduced to the experiment. On the footing of pre-test consequences, the pupils of each of the schools will be divided into two every bit competent groups individually. Half of them will be presented to the experiment while half of them will be treated in traditional method. Data aggregation techniques In the survey, to happen out if any difference exists in the public presentation of the pupils taught by the two different methods, the agencies of the tonss will be calculated. In add-on, a t-test statistical analysis will be employed to find if the difference in the average mark of each of the experimental and control groups is statistically important. Vii Tools for Data Analysiss Instruments: Pre-test, Post-test, Questionnaire Experimental tool 1: Pre-tests Two trials of 50 Markss each will be used to happen out the bing cognitive degree of the pupils. The consequences of the pre-tests will be arranged harmonizing to their competency individually in each of the class. The pupils of each of the class will be divided into two equal halves based on the mean consequence of the two pre-tests in a mode that both of the groups ( Experimental/Controlled ) acquire every bit competent pupils. Experimental tool 2: Post-test After finishing my undertaking of learning to both of the groups individually, a Post-test of 100 Markss based on the taught Curriculum, will be conducted to happen out the consequences. Experimental tool 3: Questionnaires A short study will be conducted through questionnaire to happen out the impact of my work on pupils attitudes towards new attack of learning. A separate questionnaire will be used for instructors to happen out their capableness about the usage of computing machines into instructional procedures, barriers instructors are confronting with when using the available engineering into their schoolroom instruction and other troubles they are confronting like computing machine literacy and handiness of resources. Instrument proof: The content of the lessons and post-tests shall be examined and modified consequently by the topic expert to look into its cogency. Besides, a test-retest method will be applied to look into the dependability of the instrument. 8. THEORETICAL FRAME WORK: Harmonizing to Adams ( 2006 ) , the constructivist theory provinces that pupils are given tools to build their ain cognition. Constructivist larning wants the pedagogues to follow the thought that each scholar will build, obtain and construe their ain cognition otherwise. Constructivism is an active procedure and allows the pupils to do sense of their universe. Therefore, the research worker will be guided largely by the constructivist attack. Most by and large ; we must separate who our scholars are, and what are their demands? The proviso of accurate acquisition state of affairss within a constructivist attack to larn should be considered when utilizing engineering. 9. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK: As entree to educational engineering has improved, a systematic agencies of altering the construction and bringing of the acquisition procedure has become a challenge for usage of educational engineering. Research indicates that factors of meaningful engineering usage in schools include engineering influences upon pupils, instructional methodological analysis and school civilization. These factors will be used as the footing for look intoing and depicting the meaningful integrating of engineering into a school course of study. 10. LIMITATIONS A ; DELIMITATIONS: Due to shortage of clip, lesser cognize how of computing machine use on the portion of pupils and unequal resources i.e. , ( equipment like figure of computing machines and specially the electricity as Pakistan is confronting energy crisis ) the survey may non bring forth comprehensive consequences, nevertheless as a consequence of this research, the research worker plans to go on readying and working with instructors collaboratively and offering preparation on the available engineering to both the pupils and the instructors once more in the hereafter. A longer period of survey is needed to find the long term impact of computer-based Instruction manuals and its interpolation in the schoolroom direction. This survey is delimited to: Teachers learning General Science at in-between degree. Male pupils of in-between degree Town IV of District Peshawar. Subject of General Science at in-between degree. How to cite The Subject Of General Science Education Essay, Essay examples

ROLE PLAYING GAMES Essays (687 words) - Video Game Genres

ROLE PLAYING GAMES This is the new and modern concept in game world. Role-playing games refers to all those games in which participant assume the role of a character and act like him. In other world we can also say that a player plays a game by assuming him as a particular fiction base character and continues the story of the character till the game ends. These games are flexible in nature and player can make changes in the game as per his convenience. As these games are fiction based and hence no relation with any kind of reality, these are played just for fun and entertainment or for recreation purpose in your free time. This is not just a single game, actually they are basically a storytelling kind of game, and where after completion of a round a player has to move to another round. You can also say that this is a game having many rounds, its on you how much level you cross. If you are a perfect player, you can end the game. These role-playing games are known as the best friends of children's. In their free they always play these games for fun and enjoyment. Even these games teach a lot about the society. So you can say that it's a good source of social issue too. History of role-playing game is not so old, as it is a new concept. It starts in 1960's with the concept of theater games and then it modified in 1970's as fantasy war games. The first official game was developed in the year 1974, and named Dungeons and Dragons, and it becomes very popular though it was a subject of controversy in 1980. After seeing the success and popularity of these role-playing games, they develop more and more games, and earn lots of profits, by this new invention in the field of games. Nowadays these games are the best source of recreation and fun for kids and being played in almost every country. If we are discussing about role-playing games, then it is must to discuss about its benefits and what are its positive points than other games. First and main benefits is that it is completely flexible in nature and players can play these games as per the comfort, they can create their own players, own teams, etc. By making score a child can easily understand the concept of math study, statistics and even accounting. It is a part of social activity too as it is played between two players or a two teams, makes the relation between each other. As these are completely fiction-based games, there is no danger of physical injuries to the players. This is also a cheap source of game and entertainment and you don't have to spend large amount of money to play these games. In India, these are the most popular games among kids, as nowadays kids are very smart, hence they always like to play the different and newest games. And these role-playing games suited them a lot. They mostly play these games in their Computer, whenever they are free from their studies. They can play this game single or with any of their friend. These games are also one of the reasons that improve the knowledge capability of the kids. But still there are lots of advanced games that had not been discovered yet in India, due to lack of modern technology. In few modern Play schools, teachers study kids with the help of these role-playing games, it improves the learning skills among them. So these are my views what we think about role-playing games and how it is beneficial to us, and I also thinks that you all are satisfied with my above views, and there are great demand of these games all over the world. Though mostly people thinks that these games are bad for the kids, but after going through the positive points as per the above they also know its benefits in students life, as it is a best stress remove source too.

Poem Comparison Essays

Poem Comparison Essays Poem Comparison Essay Poem Comparison Essay The Difference in Similarity Lady Lazarus, by Sylvia Plath and The Waking by Theodore Roethke are two poems that relate directly to the speaker. Although both poems share this similarity, the way in which both works or literature are constructed are vastly different. Plath uses visual imagery and poetical tercets to show the pain and suffering of the speaker in her poem, while Roethke uses the musical Villanelle and synesthesia to create his picture of the speakers inner thoughts and a sense of awakening. When reading the poem Lady Lazarus for the first time, the subject matter can be a little ifficult to comprehend. The title of this poem and the speaker share the same name, ultimately making connections to the poet herself. Lady Lazarus begins by telling the reader that she has done it again. Whatever it is; the reader does not know. She is a thirty-year-old who compares to herself to a Holocaust victim while also telling the reader that she has nine lives, much like a cat. The reader figures out that it is dying but, like a cat, the speaker keeps returning to life. Lady Lazarus tells the reader about the first two times that she almost died and how dying is an art. She describes eath as theatrical as shes possibly preforming her third death in front of a crowd at a circus. She again compares herself to a Holocaust victim as she imagines herself burning to death at concentration camp crematorium. At the end of the poem, she is resurrected for the third time and will eat men like air (line 84). In The Waking, much of the poem takes place inside the speakers mind. The speaker begins to contemplate his own opening awareness to who he is and what he can know. The poem briefly shifts from the speakers mind to the real world to notice some of the natural organisms that surround this going where I have to go. The speaker returns to his inner reckoning of greater power and fate. Imagery is an excellent way for a reader to read a poem through the five senses. It gives a more realistic feel to the work that is presented and can give better insight about the tonality of the work. Lady Lazarus uses imagery to describe her pain that is comparable to the pain that the Jews experienced during the Holocaust. Visual imagery is used in lines 4-5 when she says A sort of a walking miracle, my skin/Bright as a Nazi lampshade this use of simile refers to how some Nazis used the skin of the deceased Jews as ampshades. Another use of visual imagery is seen on lines 8-9, as Lady Lazarus says My face a featureless, fine/Jew linen. This metaphor relates Lady Lazarus to how the Nazis would raid the homes of the Jews and take all of their possessions, sometimes including linen. The comparisons of the speaker to things that Nazis had possession of during the Holocaust makes us think that the speaker may feel that she is possessed by the Nazis. The Waking uses a form of imagery called synesthesia. This is a mixing of sensory experiences to paint a picture of the hybrid world of sleeping and waking. One example of synesthesia is in line 2, where the speaker says: l feel my fate in what I cannot fear. What does fate actually feel like? Since it is not something that is classified as the common sense of feeling or touch, it may be used to describe a presence through an absence. I believe this to explain how someone can teel something without actually knowing what it may be, such as that feeling when you know someone is staring at you. Another use of synesthesia arrives when the speaker says: l hear my being dance from ear to ear (line 5). This line describes the sharp sensitivity of his hearing. His hearing is so acute that he can hear himself dance around his own body. It seems as though his senses are highly sensitive and are firing in several directions in his own mind. People hear themselves think, like myself, I think this is another excellent use of synesthesia because you arent hearing your thoughts literally but you still can hear them. Lady Lazarus is a poem that is made up of twenty-eight tercets. A tercet is a three-line stanza. These stanzas are mostly made up of short, choppy lines with a mix of enjambment and end stop lines that can been seen as an example in lines 22-24 when the speaker ays: [This] is Number Three. (end stop)/ What a Trash (enjambment)/To annihilate each decade. (end stop). When read aloud, the words move quickly and forcefully. It almost sounds like the speaker is spitting her words out to the reader in disgust. This could relate to her overall feelings of disgust throughout the poem. This poem also has use of perfect rhyme and slant rhyme. One instance of perfect rhyme happens in lines 83-84, where the words hair and air rhyme. An example of slant rhyme occurs in lines 71-72, where the words burn and concern sound rhythmical. Also, there is use n anaphora in l do it so it feels like hell (line 46) and I do it so it feels real (line 47). While these various kinds of repetitions of sounds occur all over the place in Lady Lazarus, they do not occur in a particular pattern. The rhymes have an off- kilter feel to them, and this allows the poem to be fast and free wheeling. The reader never knows when a rhyme or some other kind of repetition is going to happen next. I think it works to the feeling of the speaker very effectively because the speaker is in an erratic state of mind. The Waking is characterized as a Villanelle, which means n Italian word referring to a rustic song or dance. Villanelles have five tercets (three- line stanzas) and one quatrain (a four-line stanza), for a total of nineteen lines in all. The rhyme scheme of the tercets is ABA, where the letter refers to the end rhyme of each line, while the quatrain is ABAA. The A rhyme does change throughout the poem. Line 7, for example, ends with a shift in rhyme: you, which does have an O in the word, though it has a long U sound to it. The reader receives more of this type of rhyme in lines and 10 and 12 with how and slow. While the rhyme is generally redictable, it does shift as the poem develops. That seems fitting in a poem where the speaker is describing an awakening. The change in rhyme scheme refers to the shift in the speaker from sleeping to awakening. By line 7, the speaker has shifted from what is going on in his mind to God bless the Ground! I shall walk softly there, (line 8). The speaker is talking about the nature that surrounds him rather than what is going on in his mind. A form like th is has a musical tone to it rather than the choppy freewheeling Lady Lazarus poem. What is interesting about this is that it akes the poem somewhat repetitive, much like the average every day song and how we see the line going where I have to go repetitively. This Villanelle is, in a way, going where it needs to go in relation to how this type of poem is constructed. The Waking, in terms of meter, has each line written in strongly pronounced iambic pentameter. An iamb is a two-syllable pair in which the second syllable is emphasized. This makes the poem a little easier to read and it gives the impression that the speaker is singing the words to the reader as opposed to the spitting image hat Lady Lazarus brings. Sylvia Plath and Theodore Roethke use their own poetic styles to set the tone of the speakers in their poems. Plath uses visual imagery and short, choppy tercets to describe a woman who is so unhappy that she relates her despair to a Jewish person during the Holocaust. On the other hand, Roethke uses synesthesia and the musical form of a Villanelle to characterize the speakers awakening through his mind and the real world. Bibliography Baym, Nina, and Robert S. Levine. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W. W. Norton 2012. print.

MCAT Fee Assistance Program (FAP)

MCAT Fee Assistance Program (FAP) When you find yourself interested in medical school, and as such, the MCAT exam, but also find yourself a little lacking in the funds necessary  to get you there, then the AAMC offers you a way to get what you want without the hefty price tag attached: The Fee Assistance Program or FAP. Below, youll find out the basics about the Fee Assistance Program, the benefits of the program and the ways to obtain assistance if you qualify. Read on for the details before you register! Fee Assistance Basics The AAMC started the Fee Assistance Program to help those students who wanted to apply to medical school with the American Medical School Application Service (AMCAS) or take the MCAT, but couldnt do so because the cost of both was too prohibitive. Medical schools that accept the AMCAS, also decided to help those applicants out, too. Students who have received aid from the AAMC through the Fee Assistance Program, often get their application fees waived, too. Bonus! Benefits So, what exactly is offered with the Fee Assistance Program? Starting on January 2, 2014, recipients of the FAP will get the following: A reduction in the MCAT registration feeA reduction in the MCAT rescheduling fee if it is requiredA free copy of the MCAT prep book, The Official Guide to the MCAT Exam (worth about $30)A free authorization code to The Official MCAT Self-Assessment package (worth about $104).Free admission to MSAR (Medical School Admission Requirements), a suite of guides to help students prepare for medical school and the application process (worth about $22)A waiver for all AMCAS fees for up to 15 medical schools (worth about $650) Please keep in mind that these benefits are not retroactive. For example, if youve taken the MCAT and wish to apply to medical schools and have your fees waived, even if you are accepted into the FAP, your MCAT registration fees will not be refunded. They do, however, last five years. So, if youre thinking of taking the MCAT, but youre unsure about when youd like to apply to medical school, go ahead and apply for FAP if you think youll qualify because you have time to make your decision before your benefits run out. Eligibility With benefits as fantastic as those, obviously, everyone cannot qualify. So, what are the qualifications for the program? The AAMC considers the Department of Health and Human Services poverty level guidelines when making their fee assistance decisions. If your familys income is 300%  or less of the poverty level for the previous year for your family size, then you will be automatically approved for fee assistance. You must also be a U.S. citizen, a lawful permanent resident (LPR) of the United States (Green Card holder), or have been granted refugee/asylum status by the U.S. government. Obtaining Assistance If you believe youre eligible for assistance, then youll need to fill out an FAP application, providing the following information: Personal information: Your financial information (adjusted gross income and non-taxable income). Youll include your spouses financial information if applicable, as well.Parental information: Your parents financial information (adjusted gross income and non-taxable income) regardless of whether youre dependent or not and regardless of your age. The only time you will not provide this information is if your parents are deceased.Supporting documentation: Tax filers must provide a copy of their Federal Income Tax Forms (1040, 1040A, 1040EZ, etc.) for the previous calendar year. Non-tax filers are required to provide copies of W-2 forms for the previous calendar year. Students whose primary source of support was educational aid/scholarships must provide a copy of their Financial Aid Award Letter.Cover letter: You and your parents must print and sign the FAP Supporting Documentation Cover Letter. The AAMC requests that you allow approximately 15 days for final FAP decisions. Submitting Your Application Ready to apply? Complete your FAP application here!

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Environment - Essay Example These gases cause damage to the world’s flora and fauna. In addition, air pollution causes the following diseases; asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer and allergies. The use of Chlorofluorocarbons commonly referred to as CFCs is also responsible for air pollution (Khopkar 65). These gases deplete the ozone layer which protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. This has largely contributed to global warming. Water pollution is another form of environmental pollution that the world is facing. Factories continue to channel their waste products into various water bodies like rivers and lakes. This has affected marine life. People in rural areas still bathe in rivers. This leads to water pollution and makes this water unsafe for human consumption. There are also other forms of environmental pollution that are damaging Mother Nature at an alarming rate. Noise pollution, light pollution and soil pollution are among them. Noise pollution is caused by cars, aircrafts, horns, noise from factories and loudspeakers. However, research has shown that motor vehicles contribute to about 90% of noise pollution (Khopkar 76). Soil pollution, on the other hand, is caused by acidic rain, the use of fertilizers and contaminated water. These substances contain heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, hydrocarbons and herbicides which pollute the soil. One of the major effects of environmental pollution is global warming. Global warming is caused by the continued emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. The effects of global warming include; rising sea level and melting of polar ice caps. This has put the lives of the people living along the coastal areas in danger. Through environmental pollution, the ozone layer is continually being depleted. Human activities such as the release of CFC cause the depletion of the ozone layer. The sun’s ultraviolet rays are believed to cause skin cancer. Due to the continued use of

Is the UK Airline Industry Competitive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is the UK Airline Industry Competitive - Essay Example As the paper declares taxation is always a painful and complex issue with reverberations on all elements of the industry. However considering the relatively under-taxed nature of the UK airline industry it is possible that it will not be too badly hurt by the new tax although it might result in a decline in passengers. This essay stresses that this is a significant issue facing the airline industry at the moment. British Airways is recently involved in a struggle to resolve with union officials after it has declared a strike because of BA’s refusal to meet it demands. BA’s after failing to come to an agreement with union over its cost-cutting program now appears to be focusing on wearing down its employees. The company has done whatever it can from out-sourcing to using volunteers and claims that it has managed to keep a lot of its flights running. The impact of regulation on competitiveness is a complicated one. It is also hard to assess whether the regulatory environment will change anytime in the near future specially considering the havoc that lack of regulation played on the financial markets. What is essential however that changes in regulation will definitely impact competitiveness but may impact different players and stake-holders in a different way. If we take a look at finan cial indicators as a measure of the performance of the industry we can see that many firms have reported serious losses indicating troubled times for the industry. British Airways for example been in dire financial straits indicating losses far worse then what many had predicted and with no respite anytime soon.

Archimedes :: essays research papers

Archimedes (287-212 BC), preeminent Greek mathematician and inventor, who wrote important works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. Archimedes was born in Syracuse, Sicily, and educated in Alexandria, Egypt. In pure mathematics he anticipated many of the discoveries of modern science, such as the integral calculus, through his studies of the areas and volumes of curved solid figures and the areas of plane figures. He also proved that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a cylinder that circumscribes the sphere. In mechanics, Archimedes defined the principle of the lever and is credited with inventing the compound pulley. During his stay in Egypt he invented the hydraulic screw for raising water from a lower to a higher level. He is best known for discovering the law of hydrostatics, often called Archimedes' principle, which states that a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of fluid it displaces. This discovery is said to have been made as Archimedes stepped into his bath and perceived the displaced water overflowing, and after viewing that had ran outside into the streets naked screaming "Eureka!(I found it!)" Archimedes spent the major part of his life in Sicily, in and around Syracuse. He did not hold any public office but devoted his entire lifetime to research and experiment. During the Roman conquest of Sicily, however, he placed his gifts at the disposal of the state, and several of his mechanical devices were employed in the defense of Syracuse. Among the war machines attributed to him are the catapult and-perhaps legendary-a mirror system for focusing the sun's rays on the invaders' boats and igniting them. After the capture of Syracuse during the Second Punic War, Archimedes was killed by a

Was Mandela a Freedom Fighter or Terroist?

Was Mandela a freedom fighter or a terrorist? Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the Eastern Cape of South Africa (Williams and Hermann, 2012). After hearing the stories of his ancestor’s bravery, he was inspired and he dreamed of making his own impact to his people for freedom. (Venter, 2012). I believe that Nelson Mandela was a freedom fighter and not a terrorist. Sometimes the definitions of those two words may get mixed up and it is quite hard to identify the difference between the two, especially in this case.A terrorist deliberately targets the lives of innocent people for political reasons whereas a freedom fighter takes part in a violent struggle to achieve freedom, they do not aim at the lives of the public. If you were to look at the two definitions, I believe that Nelson Mandela should be classified as a freedom fighter as he did not target the lives of people; he fought for the freedom of the people of South Africa. In 1944 he joined the African National C ongress (A political party made to unite all African people and give everyone equal human rights) (Unwembi, 2011) and was the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the rebellious part of ANC.Even though Umkhonto we Sizwe set up a series of attacks, they were fighting for equal rights and freedom against apartheid as apartheid had dived South Africa into races and eventually had given the ‘White South Africa’ control over the whole of South Africa. They also made new laws to create segregation. (Brain, 2011) Umkhonto we Sizwe said â€Å"The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices – submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa.We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our freedom. † This quote shows that they were fighting for freedom; they had sacrificed everything, knowing the consequences that could occur they still fought for the rights f or their people. Bibliography – Unwembi (2011) African National Congress, URL: http://www. anc. org. za/show. php? id=172 Accessed: 18/11/12 -Marshall Brain(2011) August 5: Mandela Was Arrested, URL: http://history. howstuffworks. com/african-history/nelson-mandela. htm Accessed: 18/11/12 By Becky Jones

Knowledge management in Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8864 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 OVERVIEW It is so difficult and though for the managers of the organizations to apply knowledge management in their departments, because this major is still new in so many aspects such as business environment and organizational culture or behavior and it has a long way to be completed. It is hard for the managers to believe that, it has so many benefits if they use knowledge management tools in their organizations. Managers should bear in their mind that knowledge management is not an automatic practice, it must be initiated by people and have the support of the whole organization. Something like these myths need to be eliminated and the exact meaning of knowledge management must be clearly understood by managers and the rest of the organizations. This will help the managers to abundantly getting help from knowledge management and apply it in the organizations (Sobahle 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Knowledge management in Malaysia" essay for you Create order The study on American Productivity and Quality Centers International Bench-marking shows that, about 11 organizations are working on the knowledge management area which are: Arthur Andersen; Chevron Corporation; Dow Chemical Company; Hughes Space Communications; Kaiser Permanente; Price Waterhouse; Sequent Computer Systems; Skandia AFS; Texas Instruments; USAA; and National Security Agency, the following was recognized (Ishak, 2002): Share the understanding those techniques which can be used. Apply the techniques to new directions. Further more, the other issues which can assure the success of knowledge management initiatives are something like, emphasizes on the issues such as employees issues, top management leadership and commitment, organizational culture and technological infrastructure. This chapter approaches the literature review on knowledge management. In this chapter the try is made to clarify some of the most important key factors of knowledge management and analyze their respective literature. The attempt is made to show the different aspects of knowledge management. It has a brief introduction on knowledge management which is used by Malaysian organizations then it will be explain about the knowledge management frame works and architectures. In this chapter the most two important factors in knowledge management which, technological approach and human approach, are considered. This chapter will finish by the knowledge management concern, issues and at last discuss about the benefit of knowledge management will be considered. 2.2 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA Over past two decades Malaysia has been transitioning from relying on a production based- economy to a knowledge-based economy (Chang, 2005). The concept of knowledge management in Malaysia was born with the establishment of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) in 1990s to accelerate this concept in Malaysia. Actually, there are so many Malaysian companies which they are working on knowledge management and they realize and understand the importance of it in the professional life. In January 15, 2002, one of the prestigious magazines in Malaysia, Computerworld Malaysia organized the Knowledge Management Roundtable A Vital Strategy or Expensive Toy. The participants from various sectors in Malaysia shared their point of views and approaches implemented and exchanged ideas in practicing knowledge management (Chang, 2005). As an example for the practical aspect, there are a number of organizations in Malaysia which are successful in knowledge management initiatives, such as: Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic Systems (MIMOS), MAMPU, Bank Negara Malaysia, Siemens, Nokia Malaysia and Telekom Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Petroleum Nasional Berhad (Petronas) are examples of organizations in Malaysia that have embarked on KM initiatives. There are so many studies on knowledge management in Malaysia, and the structure of Malaysia papers in Malaysia seems to be incomprehensive, there are a few number of out standing articles to mention, which shows in table 2.1. Table 2.1: Knowledge Management: Malaysian Studies Title Author/ Date/Journal Nature of Work Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries Bontis, Chua Richardson (2000) Journal of Intellectual Capital Research Study (Conducted among Malaysian firms) Knowledge management in healthcare: towards knowledge-driven decision- support services Abidi, (2001) International Journal of Medical Informatics Case Study (Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital located in Kota Baharu, Malaysia) Managing human resources toward achieving knowledge management Yahya Goh, (2002) Journal of Knowledge Management Research Study (Conducted among Malaysian firms) Knowledge management in a public organization: a study on the relationship between organizational elements and the performance of knowledge transfer. Syed Ikhsan Rowland, (2004) Journal of Knowledge Management Case Study (Ministry of Entrepreneur development of Malaysia) Benchmarking knowledge management in a public organization in Malaysia Syed Ikhsan Rowland, (2004) Benchmarking: An International Journal Case Study (Ministry of Entrepreneur development of Malaysia) An empirical study of perceived importance and actual implementation of knowledge management process in the Malaysian telecommunication industry Chong Yeow, (2005) Proceedings of ICTM Research Study (Study among Malaysian telecommunication Industry KM critical success factors: A comparison of perceived importance versus implementation in Malaysian ICT companies. Chong, (2006) The Learning Organization Research Study (194 Malaysian ICT companies) KM implementation in Malaysian telecommunication industry an empirical analysis. Wei, Choy Yeow, (2006) Industrial Management Data Systems Research Study (289 employees working in Telecommunication organizations in Malaysia) KM implementation and its influence on performance: an empirical evidence from Malaysian multimedia super corridor companies Chong, (2006) Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Research Study (Study among Malaysian multimedia super corridor companies) Exploring KM issues and KM performance outcomes: empirical evidence from Malaysian multimedia super corridor companies Chong Lin (2006) International Journal of Technology Management Research Study (Study among Malaysian multimedia super corridor companies) An exploratory study on knowledge management adoption in the Malaysian Industry. Wong, (2008) International Journal of Business Information Systems Research Study (exploratory KM survey conducted in the Malaysian industry) 2.3 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKS According to Von Krogh (1998), which he takes a business perspective stating that KMS help increase competitiveness, the purpose of implementing KMS in organizations are various. KMS leads to grater innovation and responsiveness, Hackbarth (1998). Davenport and Prusak (1998) provide three reasons why KMS are implemented in organizations which are as follows: To enhance visibility of knowledge in organizations through the use of maps, hypertexts, yellow pages, directories etc. To build a knowledge sharing culture i.e. create avenues for employees to share knowledge. To develop a knowledge infrastructure, not confined to technology solely, rather create an environment that permits collaborative work. These three things which were proposed by Davenport and Prusak (1998) imply that KMS can support an organization in planning for and dealing with emergencies. Many organizations are still wrestling with their knowledge management and failing to realize its full potential. This is due to their lack of the support of strong theoretical foundation to guide them in its implementation (Wong Aspinwall, 2004). Unfortunately, many organizations do not have a clear knowledge management implementation plan in mind (Liebowitz, 1999). Therefore, in order for an organization to be victorious in its effort to manage knowledge, a guiding framework is essential. This is why in this part a review of diverse knowledge management implementation frameworks and models is presented. The framework consents to researchers as well as practitioners to measure the current state of knowledge management effectively and systematically. Thus, the knowledge management framework should provide not only a unified view of knowledge management phenomena but also help investigators study the field of knowledge management in an organized way. There have been few efforts to de velop a framework of knowledge management. However, none of the frameworks can provide a complete and generalized frame for knowledge management by defining fundamental attributes of knowledge management and their interrelationships because knowledge management can be viewed differently on ones background and interests (Chong, 2005). To know the exact value of knowledge management, an architecture of it, would provide the necessary understanding of different components like, knowledge management activities, knowledge management resources, knowledge management influences (Holsapple Joshi, 1997). The improvement of a framework is to follow and track the progress and maturity of knowledge management of an enterprise, so, it would serve to support the industry-wide improvement of knowledge management programs. Further more, it would provide an acceptable frame of reference for the assessment of the adequacies of an organization by government, commercial customers and prime contractors (Chong, 2005). The knowledge management frameworks can be classified under four categories (Table 2.2) Which are namely, knowledge creation framework, knowledge cycle processes of knowledge management, cases on knowledge management initiatives in industry and high-level knowledge management frameworks. Table 2.2: KM Frameworks and their examples in the literature Knowledge Management Frameworks Examples Knowledge Creation Framework Nonaka(1991, 1994), Nonaka Takeuchi (1995) Knowledge Cycle Processes of KM Bose Sugumaran (2003) Cases on KM Initiatives in Industry Apostolou Mentzas (1998), Lai chu (2002) High-Level KM Frameworks Holsapple Joshi (2002), Jarrar (2002), Wiig (1997) Nonaka and Takeuchi are tried to explain the progress and adaption between tacit and explicit knowledge. In fact, knowledge creation framework is not a knowledge management framework, the reason is, and it only deals with the creation of knowledge which is only a share of what constitutes knowledge management. Also, the knowledge cycle processes of knowledge management frameworks are providing a set of activities where the prominence is on the knowledge cycle processes or activities. They mainly address the phases of knowledge flow (from creation to application) in an organization without providing guidance on how to implement knowledge management. The framework on knowledge management initiatives in industry provide a reference to facilitate the structuring, analysis and evaluation of the knowledge management initiatives undertaken in various case companies. Lastly, High-Level knowledge management frameworks are the ones providing more detailed directions on the implementation of kn owledge management. This type of framework seems to address not only the question of what is but also how to because it prescribes and suggest ways for organizations to engage in knowledge management activities (Wong Aspinwall, 2004). In their review of literature, Wong and Aspinwall, try to have an organized review of the various available frameworks for knowledge management implementation. The acceptable thing for the review was to classify the knowledge management implementation frameworks, find out the short comings of each and finally suggesting a through guide line for developing knowledge management implementation frameworks. They have classified the high level knowledge management frameworks as frameworks such as: 1) System approach, 2) Step approach, 3) hybrid approach.(Table 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 shows the comparisons between frameworks under each approach). Table 2.3: Comparisons of system approach frameworks Source: Wong Aspinwall (2004) Holsapple Joshi (2002) Jarrar (2002) Gore Gore (1999) Wiig et al. (1997) Plan - Set strategic priority Define and understand knowledge Formulate vision Conceptualize Reflect Execute - - - Act Evaluate - - - Review Knowledge Types / resources Knowledge embedded in participants, culture, infrastructure, artifacts, purpose and strategy - Tacit Knowledge Explicit knowledge - KM processes / activities Acquire, select, internalize and use knowledge Collect, present, distribute and measure knowledge Mainly focuses on knowledge creation and externalization Develop, distribute, combine and consolidate knowledge KM influences / factors Resource influences, managerial influences, environmental influences Knowledge environment - External and internal developments -, not indicated or not clearly indicated Table 2.4: Comparisons of step approach frameworks Source: Wong Aspinwall (2004) McCampbell et al. (1999) Wiig (1999) Plan Form powerful coalition Communicate vision of KM Establish teams for needs assessment Analyze the needs of KM Obtain management buy-in Survey and map the knowledge landscape Plan the knowledge strategy Create and define knowledge-related alternatives and potential initiatives Portray benefit expectations for knowledge management initiatives Set knowledge management priorities Determine key knowledge requirements Execute Identify and collect knowledge Design a technological structure Test the technology Maintenance of the technology Retest the technology Training of knowledge workers Roll out the use of KM practices Make systems go live Acquire key knowledge Create integrated knowledge transfer programs Transform, distribute and apply knowledge assets Establish and update a KM infrastructure Manage knowledge assets Construct incentive programs Coordinate KM activities and functions enterprise-wide Facilitate knowledge-focused management Evaluate Track usage Measure quality and productivity Measure the performance of KM practices Conduct a need assessment review Monitor knowledge management Knowledge type / resources Internal knowledge External knowledge Can be inferred from the step: manage knowledge assets KM processes / activities Identify and collect knowledge Acquire, transform, distribute and apply knowledge KM influences / factors - Can be inferred from the steps: construct incentive programs and facilitate knowledge-focused management -, not indicated or not clearly indicated Table 2.5: Comparisons of hybrid approach frameworks Source: Wong Aspinwall (2004) Rubenstein Montano et al. (2001) Mentzas (2001) Plan Strategize, Model Awareness plan Execute Act, Transfer Develop, operate Evaluate Revise Measurement Knowledge types / resources Tacit knowledge, Explicit knowledge Knowledge assets KM processes / activities KM tasks Process KM influences / factors Culture, Strategy, learning Strategy, Structure, System By study on these knowledge frameworks creator an absolute knowledge management implementation framework may include the possible accesses on success of knowledge management. Further more, the obstacles and developers should bear in their mind that if they want to analyze managers in regard with, which elements are likely to disrupt the knowledge management implementation success and which elements may enable their effort towards knowledge management achievements. Finally, a knowledge management implementation frame work should make a correspondence view among social and technological approach to knowledge management. Consideration of the authors demonstrate that most of the time this correspondence is disturb in favor of one approach while the other approach is either totally neglected or received incomplete attention (Wong Aspinwall, 2004). Different types of knowledge resources are identified. The activities and processes which can help to manage them should be mentioned in the knowledge management implementation framework. As an example, there is some of knowledge management processes such as: acquiring, capturing, creating, organizing, storing, accessing, transferring, sharing, applying, distributing and using knowledge. The suggested clues by Wong and Aspinwall for developing a knowledge management implementation framework include five factors, which are as follows: (1) Incorporate a clear structure to organize the tasks. (2) Address the different knowledge resources or types. (3) Include the knowledge management processes or activities that manipulate the knowledge. (4) Point out the influences that can affect the performance of knowledge management. (5) Provide a balanced view between a technological and a social perspective. 2.4 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CATEGORIZATION 2.4.1 Knowledge Management System Definition Knowledge management system (KMS), are mostly IT based systems for managing knowledge in organizations and are used for supporting, creating, capturing and disseminating of information. The main concept of knowledge management system (KMS) is to make a facility for employees to have an access to the organizations information, sources, document base facts and their solutions. As a matter of fact a knowledge management system (KMS) could be any of the following things: Social computing tools which can help to create a knowledge management system (KMS). Knowledge management system (KMS), assist in creating network maps in organizations which is used in communication among individuals and entities. Document based, any formatted that permits, control, manage. Use Artificial Intelligence (AI), for customized representation schema to demonstrate the problem domain. Further more, the benefits of using knowledge management in organization can be categorized as: 1. Valuable organizational data and information sharing. 2. Reduce redundant work. 3. Decrease time for new incomers like new employees. 4. Retention of intellectual property. Based on this definition Gupta and Sharma (2004) divide knowledge management system into seven major categories, which are as follows (tables 2.6): Table 2.6: Example of KMS Source: Gupta and Sharma (2004) KMS Technology Description Expert Systems, artificial intelligence and knowledge based management system (KBMS) Main purpose of these systems is to capture knowledge and perform analysis on existing knowledge base to assist in decision making. Often associated to rule based and pattern recognition systems. Computer Supported Collaborative Work (Groupware) Systems that permit sharing and collaborative work. Often described synonymously to Lotus Notes. However, one could suggest that asynchronous (e-mail, wikis e-log) and synchronous systems (videoconference, chat) are newer applications that can fall into this category (Bates and Poole, 2003). Groupware can also include Group Support Systems (GSS) that is intended to support groups make decision (Mandviwalla, 1994). Document Management Systems Systems that support the need for managing text and images to make information much more accessible. Similar to the idea of office management systems i.e. use of various word documentation and spreadsheet software. Decision support systems (DSS) Business applications that usually contain summaries of large amounts of data, filtered and synthesized particularly to support strategic decision-making. View records related to this term5. The focus of DSS is on analysis of quantitative data and presentation tools for managers. Semantic Networks The focus is on systems that explain not just relationships between entities but the meaning based on how the entities are structured. Can be used to represent domain knowledge explicitly and shared (Gupta and Sharma, 2004). Relational and Object oriented databases Systems that permit management of both structured (relational) and much more complex data sets (OODBMS) Simulation tools Systems that run computer based simulations for a variety of purposes. 2.4.2 Knowledge Management Architecture Base on Gupta and Sharma (2004) findings, they suggest architecture for knowledge management which has seven levels and it is shown in table 2.7. Table 2.7: Overview of Knowledge Management Architecture Source: Form Gupta, Sharma Hsu (2004) Level Key Activities Customer Knowledge Detailed, knowledge sharing relationships. Understanding the requirements of customers. Identifying new opportunities. Stakeholder Relationships Becoming a better knowledge flows among suppliers, shareholders, employees, community, etc. Use this knowledge to inform key points strategies. Business Environment Insights Systematic environmental scanning including political, economic, technology, social and environmental trends. Competitor analysis. Market intelligence systems. Organizational Memory Knowledge sharing. Best practice databases. Directories of expertise. Online documents, procedures and discussion forums. Intranets. Knowledge in Processes Embedding knowledge into business processes and management. Decision-making. Knowledge in Products and Services Knowledge embedded in products. Surround products with knowledge, e.g., in user guides, and enhanced knowledge intensive services. Knowledge in People Knowledge-sharing fairs. Innovation workshops. Expert and learning networks. Communities of knowledge practice. As it shows above there is a seven layer for knowledge management architecture and each level related to a particular aspect of knowledge management. So, in this regard there is a summarization for this table which summarize the important part of this layers and compact it in just three layers, it is summarized in table 2.8 as follows: Table 2.8: Knowledge Management Architecture Source: Gupta, Sharma Hsu (2004) Layer Level Brief Explanation Data Sources layer According to different data sources which are accessible within organizations, this layer has both internal and external data sources. As an example, data repository, email repository, databases. Knowledge Management Layer The processes of knowledge management layer include acquisition, refinement, storage, retrieval, distribution and presentation of required knowledge. An example would be a knowledge base which assists decision making processes during an emergency situation. Knowledge Presentation Layer This layer represents the interface that forms the basis of interaction between users and the system. This can be called a knowledge portal that can guide decision making in dealing with an emergency situation. The knowledge portal can be designed to support communication, collaboration and information sharing requirement. There is two more explanation in detailed view for knowledge management architecture and knowledge management process model. The most important part in knowledge management architecture and knowledge management process are capturing knowledge, create a new knowledge, share it and distribute it as it is shown in 2.1 and 2.2. 2.4.3 Performance of Information Technology (IT) in Knowledge Management System (KMS) Information Technology (IT), plays an important role in acquire, store, disseminate and manage knowledge than ever before. Alavi and Leidner (2001), proposed an admired framework, which can be used to analyze and test the role of Information technology (IT) in design and fulfillment of any Knowledge Management System (KMS). The table (2.9) which is adapted from Alavi and Leidner (2001), shows the different perspectives of knowledge management initiatives and knowledge management system (KMS), design particularly. Table 2.9: Knowledge Perspective and impact on KM and KMS Source: Alavi and Leidner (2001, p.11) Perspective Meaning Implication for KM Impact on KMS Role in IT Knowledge vis--vis data and information Data is consider as a fact, raw numbers, information is processed/ contextual data/ interpreted data knowledge is personalized information e.g this would entail once experience and exposure. KM initiative should expose employees to relevant information and facilitate assimilation of information. KMS may not necessarily be different from an existing information system. The differences are that any KMS should help employees assimilate the information. Role of IT is to ensure KMS design permits information assimilation. Knowledge as a state of the mind Knowledge is ones state of knowing and understanding. KM initiative should provide an information base that enables individuals to recognize the existence of knowledge. This can enhance individual learning and understanding. Accessibility to where knowledge resides rather than to knowledge itself- i.e. provide a means to an end. This would include web and wireless access to knowledge base. Knowledge as an object Knowledge that is stored and subject to manipulation. KM initiative should permit development and management of knowledge base. IT can support KMS to gather, store, and disseminate knowledge. This would include the use collaborative tools e.g. wikis. Knowledge as a process Knowledge visualized as a process of applying expertise. KM initiative should focus on effective flow of knowledge within the realms of knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination. by providing links to various knowledge sources which includes internal and external sources. This would include use of web based systems, hyperlinks, markup languages and access to databases. The idea is to offer a wider breadth and depth of knowledge flows Knowledge and accessibility to information Knowledge is a condition of access to information. KM initiative should provide ease of access to and retrieval of content in a given system. IT can be used to enhance indexing, query and locating relevant information. Knowledge as a capability As a capability knowledge has the potential to influence action. KM initiative should focus on developing core competencies and understanding the strategic intent of the initiative. It can increase the intellectual capital through development of individual and organizational competencies. Table 2.9 proposed that Information technology plays an important role in knowledge management initiatives in organizations. Alavi and Leidner (2001) defined a knowledge management system (KMS) as IT- based system develop to support and enhance the organizational processes of knowledge creation. They observe that not all knowledge management initiatives will implement an IT solution, but they support IT as an enabler of knowledge management (Raman, M. Muthaiyah, S.). In addition, knowledge management system (KMS) can assist organizations in dealing with dynamic and complex situations such as emergencies (Gupta Sharma, 2004). 2.4.4 Appropriate Theories to Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) This part consists of two theories which can help to design and implement decisions of any knowledge management systems (KMS) to support knowledge management in organizations. Those mentioned theories are, Information Processing Theory (IPT), and, Contingency Theory. 2.4.4.1 Information Processing Theory (IPT) George A. Miller (1956), has afforded two theoretical ideas which are the basic concepts of the information processing framework and cognitive psychology. The first approach is chunking and the capacity of short term memory. He insists that short term memory can get just 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two). A chunk could refer to digits, words, peoples faces or any other meaningful units. The second idea which Miller was mentioned is people process information akin to a computerized system. They take input into the memory like the computer, then the human minds take the information, analyze it, store the content and locate it in the best situation of memory and then retrieve as and when needed based on the given situation. In this context, Burnell (2004), state that:As diversity of resources, processes or outputs increase inter process coordination requirements and system complexity increase. As uncertainty increases, information processing requirements increases become of managements inability to predict every situation. Information processing theory is widely applied in the study of human learning and cognitive styles (Miller, 1960). As a matter of fact Information Processing Theory (IPT) has some principles which are often applied by instructors for the following reasons: Gain the students attention Point out important and critical chunks of information, separating them from trivial ones. Provide opportunities for students in linking new to existing information. Presenting information in clear manner. Emphasize on meaning of information i.e. not memorizing them. Actually, those mentioned principles for information processing theory can be applied to design of knowledge management system (KMS) to support emergency preparedness as well (Kostman, 2004). Particularly, in approaching emergency situations, knowledge management system can be elaborated to enable decision makers to: Retrieve information that is critical, quickly. Focus on the situation without being loss amidst voluminous information. Create and share a knowledge base by linking past experience to existing information base. Structure emergency related information clearly. Understand different meaning and interpretation of critical terminology used in dealing with an emergency. 2.4.4.2 Contingency Theory Contingency theory was founded by Lawrence and Lorsch (1967), in the study of ten firms in plastic, food, containers, which are three different industrial environment in United States, that the degree of uncertainty the theory of sub-task environment of the firms was specifically related to the internal organizations arrangement. However creation of different sub units led to other issues, e.g. lack of coordination and conflict due to dependence on common resources, communication obstacles, and ambiguity of goals as well as organizational differentiation (Scott, p.270). Scott goes on to claim that contingency theory is guided by the general orienting hypothesis that organizations whose internal features best match the demands of their environments will achieve the best adaptation (Scott, p.89). Two characteristics can be used to define what an organizations environment entails based on contingency theory (Burnell et al., 2004): (I) complexity and heterogeneity of the entities in the environment and (II) their rate and predictability of change (p. 205).* * From: https://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/encyclop/contingency.html However, Lawrence Lorsch (1967) show through their study that creation of sub-units to deal with complex and dynamic environments can lead to coordination and knowledge sharing issues. Burnell et al. (2004) suggest that KMS can be designed to enhance coordination between different organizational resources in dealing with complex and dynamic environments. They suggest that a technical level of shared knowledge space can enhance communication coordination and knowledge sharing, in dealing with complex and turbulent environments. The authors provide several guidelines based on contingency theory that can be considered prior to designing KMS that will be used in dealing with complex and dynamic environments: Examine the information processing requirements of the organization in dealing with complex and dynamic environment. Understand the managerial view point of implementing KMS systems to deal with such environments. Time taken to process and disseminate information in critical movements. Facilitation of group collaboration i.e. the existence of a system that permits flexibility in sharing and disseminating knowledge. Understand how the KMS impacts the organizational control structure. These principles can be used to guide the design and implementation of a web-enabled knowledge management system (KMS). 2.5 Knowledge Management Approaches The challenge of knowledge management is categorized in to best view as two-fold. The first one is talk about management of explicit knowledge which is using techniques like information technology (IT), or information system (IS), while the second one is going to create an environment in which people can share and develop their knowledge. (Chong, 2005), and a common approaches for this concept is communities of practice, i.e information technology (IT), information system (IS), computer science and human resource. The disconnection between the practices of people management and knowledge management may, in part, be explained by the different languages and discourses of these communities (IS, IT or HR), that advertise these practices. The problem is that there appear to have been very little cross-learning among these communities, or between the literatures with which they engage (Swan, 2002). 2.5.1 Information Technology Approach It is clear that IT-based tools can facilitate the exploration of knowledge that is the pursuit and identification of new options, through knowledge creation and construction. Now a days most of business organizations believe that the power of using computers and information technology lead to successful implementation of knowledge management in organizations. In this regard, experts appeal that information technology (IT) can provide an edge in harvesting knowledge from the old data repositories, consisting of points of sales (POS), customer credit cards, promotional sales and seasonal discount data (Bhatt, 2001). There are so many IT base concepts in structural capital which can categorized as databases, organizational charts, process manuals, strategies, routines and any other things whose value to the company is higher than its material value (Bontis, 2000). While new developments in information technology and the 40 realization that information technology could have a recursive relationship with business strategy made this sequential approach redundant, there is reason to believe that some of the tenets of information systems planning can be applied to developing a knowledge management blueprint for any business corporation (Foo, 2002). Swan (2002), had some research about knowledge management literature which covered mainstream journal articles from a period of time (January 1993 to August 1998). The result of this research was supported by a broader examination of a wide range of additional sources (e.g. websites, news, book listings). The most important and interesting part of this research is that the articles focusing on the development of knowledge management have been concentrated within IT and computer science community, so that about 48 percent of articles written about knowledge management were found in computer science journals. This fact shows the role of Information technology (IT), information system (IS) and organizational accrual of intellectual capital. Further more there is another two concepts in IT which are efficiency and effectiveness metrics, which are primary types of IT metrics in organizations. Efficiency IT metrics measure the performance of the IT system itself such as through-put, speed, and availability. Effectiveness IT metrics measure the impact IT has on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversation rates, and sell-through increases. Efficiency focuses on the extent to which an organization is using its resources in an optimal way, while effectiveness focus on how well an organization is achieving its goals and objectives. The two efficiency and effectiveness are definitely interrelated. 2.5.2 Human Approach Reviewing the literature on knowledge management, it is revealed that the management of people and behavioral issues are rarely addressed in depth in articles on knowledge management. indeed the lack of concern with people in knowledge management literature is somehow similar to that of the earlier topics such as business process reengineering which is referred by Davenport (1995) as the fad that forgot people (Swan, 2002). This approach claims that knowledge management cannot exist or would not be successful without human interaction. The human factor approach to existence of knowledge management stresses that human expertise and intelligence are needed in the process of interaction in order to create knowledge. In addition, the economic and producing power of a modern corporation lies in its intellectual and service capabilities instead of its hard assets. Thus, human approach is the core of the existence of knowledge management (Chong, 2005). As noted by Swan et al. (2002) their analysis indicates an emerging gap in articles on knowledge management in terms of treatment of issues concerning people management. Despite observations that the most dramatic improvements in knowledge management capability in the next ten years will be human and managerial (Davenport, 1995), most articles continue to focus on developing and implementing knowledge management databases, tools and techniques. The dominant discourse of knowledge management to date (i.e. to capture, codify, and exploit the knowledge of employees by developing better tools and methods) is not fundamentally about managing and developing people. It is also demonstrably different to that of learning organization, which does emphasize on people; to harness the learning capability of the firm and individuals necessitates the management of complex issues, including values culture, people commitment and leadership. 2.6 ISSUES OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT There are many concepts in knowledge management which may different from each other. These concepts have been identified as more outstanding. They include issues such as the things which are enumerated in table 2.10. Table 2.10 knowledge management issues Source: Alavi Leidner, 2002; Zyngier, 2002 KM Issues Elements Employees Issues * Training * Involvement * Team working * Empowerment Management Issues * Leadership * Commitment * Support Organizational Issues * Culture Technological Issues * Information System Infrastructure Financial Issues * Return Of Investment These above mentioned factors which enumerated in table 2.10 are the most important and general elements which are exist in knowledge management concept. Further more, in proceeding subsections, on the knowledge management concepts, attempt is made to shed more light on these issues which may directly influence the outcome of knowledge management initiatives. 2.6.1 Employees Issues One of the most important issues for the employees in an organization is strategic human resource management which is requires a balance of emphasis which needs to integrate with the business strategy. With getting help from strategic human resource management, employees are seen to be energetic, capable of development, and worthy of trust and collaboration (Ishak, 2002). So, in this regard, the organizations principles should bear in their mind, that make a good strategy to the management of its employees. In addition, for make an honesty atmosphere in an organization, the principles should make an environment which is suitable for sharing knowledge, transferring knowledge and integrating knowledge among the individuals (Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995). As mentioned in table 2.10, there are a few factors which are involving in employees issues such as: training, involvement, team working and empowerment which shall be discussed in the following section. 2.6.1.1 Training Training has a well deserved portion, in knowledge management concept and especially in employees issues, because it concerned with preserving intellectual capital. Actually knowledge sharing and creativity would not be possible if there is no training. The individuals should have professional trainers in so many skills like writing, editing, and formatting in order to input items in the knowledge repository, as information has to be defined in its appropriate and standardized fashion. Further more, individuals should need to know in which aspects knowledge has a benefit for their particular position. In this regard, there should be a department in each organizations which is Human resource (HR), that offer to the employees for an updates, training and may reward those employees who share their knowledge. In addition, one of the most and popular training tools for knowledge management is a corporate university educational organizations established and run by companies to provide tot al education to their workforce. Thus timely and appropriate training is one of the key factors for knowledge management implementation (Chong, 2005). 2.6.1.2 Involvement This concept shows that how all individuals or employees can assist and contribute effectively and efficiency to meet the objectives on an organization. It condign to the degree which individuals share their information, knowledge and power throughout the organization (McMahon lawler, 1995). Also, as Kaufman (1992) considered, employee involvement is important for organizational success, and the reason of increasing involvement is that participation has been widely recognized as an integral part of knowledge management. Employee involvement plays an important role in successful knowledge management implementation because since the employees must share the nature of knowledge creation and sharing, many knowledge activities are unthinkable without employee involvement (Choi, 2000). People have to be motivated to access and share information into knowledge. For increasing the efficiency and effectiveness, employees should share their knowledge and have collaboration with each other. There is another way, which by focusing on knowledge management application and business concepts can make a domain which all employees and knowledge workers whom they work on different aspects of knowledge can come and sit together for creating a new knowledge (Binney, 2001). Research on the knowledge management application and knowledge management implementation concepts shows one-way flow of knowledge does not guarantee the success of knowledge management in organization. Instead, employee involvement is the right way to gather knowledge from various levels of management and essential for an organization to survive. Since employees must share the nature of knowledge creation and sharing, many knowledge management activities are unthinkable without employee involvement (Chong, 200 5). 2.6.1.3 Team Working Team is consist, a group of two or more people which they have a common goal and idea , they have to respect to each other and be motivated to use the strengths of each member to achieve their objectives. Team work is the other way to increase the performance of knowledge management and have a perfect output in an organization. There is a theory predicts that with the use of structured task and responsibility sharing, comprehensive flows of knowledge among team members would be more meaningful and hence improve performance (Chong, 2005). Also, the degree of knowledge transfer in an organization has a direct effect with the members which they have to share their knowledge and have a peer-to-peer collaboration. Teams are replacing individuals as the basic building blocks of organizations. Creating a team allows organizations to apply diverse knowledge skills and experiences towards its processes and problem solving. Organizations with team oriented employees who trust one another are more successful at sharing knowledge than those who are merely technologically superior. Thus, fostering a spirit of team work based on trust is an essential factor for the successful implementation of knowledge management in organizations (Chong, 2005). 2.6.1.4 Empowerment Power sharing and participation examines the prospective of leader behavior, decision procedures, and the formal structure of the organization. The real advantages of knowledge management cannot be visualized without empowering employees. The effective creation of knowledge assets, knowledge sharing and distribution happens when people have a sense of ownership and this is ignited when there is empowerment. Knowledge comes from expertise, learning, experiences and through empowerment; the organization can accelerate its capability. When employees are empowered, they begin to think about how they work, making choices and accepting extra responsibilities to other portion of the business to solve organizational problem by learning new skills at the job. Empowered employees are given autonomy the freedom, independence and discretion over their work activities. Employee empowerment has also been regarded as a key factor of knowledge management success because true empowerment can give the employees a sense of ownership in the overall aim of the organizational knowledge management system. Ulrich (1998) asserts that companies should ensure the development and growth of intellectual capital to bring about employee commitment and competence. The following elements for employee empowerment are needed to increase employee commitment and competence: (1) reducing in the demands on employees through the prioritization of their work; (2) increasing in resources by providing employees with control over their own work; (3) providing means to support teamwork; (4) sharing information on the long-term strategy of the firm; (5) assisting employees in coping with demands on their time; (6) providing new technologies; (7) training workers on how to use it; and (8) allowing employees to join in decision-making. Most organizational knowledge comes from the expertise, learning and experience of their employees. Thus, it can be concluded that empowerment is recognized as one of the critical implementation factors to the success of knowledge management (Chong, 2005). However, empowerment does not necessarily lead to better results. Individual training and nature of tasks are main factors that have an impact on the results of the empowerment (Bhatt, 2002). 2.6.2 Management Issues Traditionally, the term management refers to the activities and often the group of people involved in the four general functions: planning, organizing, leading and coordinating of resources. Note that the four functions recur throughout the organization and are highly integrated. Emerging trends in management include assertions that leading is different than managing, and that the nature of how the four functions are carried out must change to accommodate a new paradigm in management. This topic in the library helps the reader accomplish broad understanding of management (including traditional and emerging views), and the areas of knowledge and skills required to carry out the major functions of management.** ** From: https://managementhelp.org/mng_thry/mng_thry.htm 2.6.2.1 Leadership, Commitment, and Support Leadership is a subject that has long excited interest among people. For successful knowledge management implementation, the visible leadership and commitment of top management must be sustained throughout a knowledge management effort (Chong, 2005). This is a primary paradigm change is needed in the philosophy of top management. Fundamentally, management must foster the commitment, capability and confidence their employees rather then trying to control employees. Leadership is the act of communicating value standards to followers through actions. Whatever the communicated standards, followers will use these in their work. Any company or group becomes whatever those in authority cause employees to experience. For example, if bosses reflect and require high levels of knowledge, juniors will perform work commensurate with high knowledge expectations. If bosses treat juniors unfairly, juniors will adapt this standard in treating each other and customers unfairly. Thus, people in authority are suppliers of standards to followers because implied values are what followers search for in order to conform (Simonton, 1996). Along with other C-level executives, Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) has a specifically significant job in leadership of knowledge management projects. In fact, a CKO has the responsibility to guide employees and lead the implementation of knowledge management. For instance, Chuck Lucier, CKO for Booz-Allen Hamilton and a member of the firms leadership team, works closely with other top managers to set the overall strategic direction for the firm. He associates knowledge management priorities, builds leading edge knowledge management thinking, uses the best available knowledge on all clients engagements across the globe and continually builds these skill competencies of the consulting staff (Guns Valikangas, 1998). 2.6.3 Organizational Issues One of the most important factors in knowledge management is organizational issues which plays an important role in this aspect. In this field organizations try to do each task in hierarchical manner, break each task into some sub-tasks and make it as simple as they can, and finally give each parts to the particular expert (employee), with some definition by specific rules and regulations (West, 1992). There are some major barriers to successful creation of knowledge base organizations, such as: organizational cultures, lack of top management support, lack of ownership of the problem, lack of time and information and communications technology have been identified. 2.6.3.1 Culture An organizations culture plays a large role in determining how successfully it will share information. Culture will influence the way people use information (Their information behavior) and will reflect the importance that company leaders attribute to the use of information in achieving success or avoiding failure. Four common information sharing cultures exists in organizations today: information functional, information sharing, information inquiry, and information discovery (Baltzan Phillips, 2009) Table 2.11 Organizational Information Culture Adopted from: Business Driven Information Systems (Baltzan Phillips, 2009) Organizational Information Culture Information-Functional Culture Employees use information as a means of exercising influence or power over others. Information-Sharing Culture Employees across departments trust each other to use information to improve performance. Information-Inquiring Culture Employees across departments search for information to better understand the future and align themselves with current trends and new directions. Information-Discovery Culture Employees across departments are open to new insights about crisis and radical changes and seek ways to create competitive advantages. Culture is a set of values, guiding beliefs, understandings and ways of thinking that is shared by members of an organization and taught to new members as correct. It represents the unwritten, feeling part of the organization. Culture is a powerful component of an organizations success, laying the tracks for strategy to roll out on. It is the foundation for profit, productivity and progress. While it can accelerate getting to the next level of performance, it can just as easily act as drag. Culture-Strategy Fit is a leading organizational culture consulting firm conducting groundbreaking culture diagnosis and change projects to help organizations leverage their culture to drive strategy and performance. Organization culture provides order and structure for knowledge management activities (Chong, 2005). It is an important aspect for learn and creating knowledge. Technology used to build knowledge management system can be very easy and simple. Now a days there is so many projects in organizations fail because the principles of that organization do not support the persons who are involved in that mentioned projects and there is so many examples where well designed knowledge management tools and processes be unsuccessful because people believed they were already sharing well enough and the senior managers did not support them well. An open culture with incentives built around integrating individual skills and experiences into organizational knowledge will be more successful (Gupta, 2000). 2.6.4 Technological Issues The role of technology in assisting with capturing knowledge will increase in the future. IT executives and professionals now bring substantial business experience to their jobs. This suggests that chief information officers (CIOs) may play a bigger role in overall business strategies. In fact knowledge management is not all about technology, but with getting help from technology can cope with many problems which may occur during the organizational tasks. 2.6.4.1 Information System Infrastructure Information system (IS) and management of knowledge are often discussed either as separate entities or alternatively as analogies. There are two successful factors in knowledge management projects which are working with information system components, the first one is, utilization of the network technology infrastructure such as internet, Lotus Notes and global communication systems for effective transfer of knowledge. The second one is establishment of a broad information system infrastructure based on desktop computing and communications (Davenport, 1998). Effective information system infrastructure includes databases or sophisticated email systems which those component are most significant in contributing to knowledge management application. Information technology components are most significant in contributing to knowledge management application. The most important aspect in these applications is the way that people use them, However, in order to pursue effective knowledge management, information systems must be reliable, user-friendly, compatible with other platforms and accurate. 2.6.5 Financial Issues One of the most traditional performance measures has been based on financial performance data such as return on investment (ROI). However, financial performance measurement alone can be inaccurate in terms of usability in that it tends to measure only financial terms. Since the value of an organization in the k-economy has to be based on intellectual capital, traditional financial measures (e.g. price/earnings ratios, revenues and market share) cannot measure intellectual capital adequately. Nevertheless, when it comes to measuring returns on investment in knowledge management, two conventional approaches are in common use by many researchers: sales/turnover (excluding extra-ordinary income) and earning before interests and taxes (EBIT) (Bixler, 2000; Choi, 2000; Meenu Singh, 2000). The organizations that are applying the concept of knowledge management in the correct manner, where a manager manages and distributes knowledge throughout the organization, are reaping the rewards. These organizations are experiencing a return on their investments. Other organizations are simply not making an additional return based on their managing of their knowledge (Sobahle, 2005). With regards to time of investment in knowledge management by organizations, it was found that most of the organizations are interested in committing their organizational resources for knowledge management. Most of the organizations were also found to have at least started evaluating the importance of knowledge management or are currently planning for knowledge management projects or applications. Time of investment in knowledge management has been proven to have significant influence over the successful implementation of knowledge management in organizations (Choi, 2000). 2.7 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVE AND SUCCESS FACTORS The KMS is the system an organization builds to implement KM by supporting the capture, storage, search, retrieval, and application of knowledge. This includes the management support, processes, and IT applications and components necessary to support these activities. Knowing the critical success factors is useful as it provides researchers and practitioners with the basic requirements for implementing a successful KM initiative and building a successful KMS. In fact, two concepts of success can be identified. The first considers KM or KMS a success if knowledge use through the initiative or system improves the organizations ability to compete. The second considers KM or KMS a success if the KM processes implemented through the KMS are implemented effectively. Both success concepts imply that the KMS has to be used. Therefore, KM and KMS success factors are those factors that encourage or help users to use the KMS to effectively perform KM functions. A successful KMS should perform the functions of knowledge creation, storage/retrieval, transfer, and application well. However, other factors can influence KMS success. There are so many experts were pioneer in this concept such as: Alavi Leidner, 1999; Cross Baird, 2000; Davenport, et al. 1998; Ginsberg Kambil, 1999; Holsapple Joshi, 2000; Jennex and Olfman, 2000; Koskinen, 2001; Malhotra Galletta, 2003; Mandviwalla, et al. 1998; Sage Rouse, 1999; Yu, et al. 2004). They find out some common elements for proof of this issues which knowledge management initiatives have some relation or differences with each other. The following Table (2.11) shows the knowledge management success factors which those above mentioned authors considered them. Table 2.12: Knowledge Management Success Factors Source: Jennex Olfman, 2004 ID Success Factor Source SF1 Integrated Technical Infrastructure including networks, databases/repositories, computers, software, KMS experts Alavi and Leidner (1999), Barna (2002), Cross and Baird (2000), Davenport, et al. (1998), Ginsberg and Kambil (1999), Jennex and Olfman (2000), Mandviwalla, et al. (1998), Sage and Rouse (1999), Yu, et al. (2004) SF2 A Knowledge Strategy that identifies users, user experience level needs, sources, processes, storage strategy, knowledge and links to knowledge for the KMS. Barna (2002), Ginsberg and Kambil (1999), Holsapple and Joshi (2000), Jennex, Olfman, and Addo (2003), Koskinen (2001), Mandviwalla, et al. (1998), Sage and Rouse (1999), Yu, et al. (2004) SF3 A common enterprise wide knowledge structure that is clearly articulated and easily understood Barna (2002), Cross and Baird (2000), Davenport, et al. (1998), Ginsberg and Kambil (1999), Jennex and Olfman (2000), Mandviwalla, et al. (1998), Sage and Rouse (1999) SF4 Motivation and Commitment of users including incentives and training Alavi and Leidner (1999), Barna (2002), Cross and Baird (2000), Davenport, et al. (1998), Ginsberg and Kambil (1999), Jennex and Olfman (2000), Malhotra and Galletta (2003), Yu, et al. (2004) SF5 An organizational culture that supports learning and the sharing and use of knowledge Alavi and Leidner (1999), Barna (2002), Davenport, et al. (1998), Jennex and Olfman (2000), Sage and Rouse (1999), Yu, et al. (2004) SF6 Senior Management support including allocation of resources, leadership, and providing training Barna (2002), Davenport, et al. (1998), Holsapple and Joshi (2000), Jennex and Olfman (2000), Yu, et al. (2004) SF7 Measures are established to assess the impacts of the KMS and the use of knowledge as well as verifying that the right knowledge is being captured Alavi and Leidner (1999), Davenport, et al. (1998), Jennex and Olfman (2000), Sage and Rouse (1999) SF8 There is a clear goal and purpose for the KMS Ackerman (1994), Barna (2002), Davenport, et al. (1998), Cross and Baird (2000) SF9 Learning Organization Barna (2002), Cross and Baird (2000), Sage and Rouse (1999), Yu, et al. (2004) SF10 The search, retrieval, and visualization functions of the KMS support easy knowledge use Alavi and Leidner (1999), Ginsberg and Kambil (1999), Mandviwalla, et al. (1998) SF11 Work processes are designed that incorporate knowledge capture and use Barna (2002), Cross and Baird (2000), Jennex and Olfman (2000) SF12 Security/protection of knowledge Jennex and Olfman (2000), Sage and Rouse (1999) 2.8 BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Many successful organizations are recognizing the benefits of implementing knowledge management. Knowledge management has been proven beneficial and has been adopted by eighty percent of the biggest companies in the world (KMPG consulting, 2000). An effective knowledge management system would provide critical information and knowledge to knowledge workers effectively and efficiently to reduce cost and time while improving the quality of performance (Chong, 2005). The Knowledge management benefits can be categorized into three which include: (I) Knowledge benefit (II) Intermediate benefit (III) Organizational benefit. In 2.3 there is a tree, which is explain about the outputs of three separate situations and highlights some commonly found benefits. 1. Knowledge Benefits these are those derived from more effective and efficient processing of information and knowledge, as an example by omitting duplication of effort or saving valuable time. For example, a survey carried out by the ABC knowledge centre showed that information management professionals at a knowledge centre could find relevant and appropriate information 8 times faster than non professionals. 2. Intermediate Benefits these are how the knowledge benefits could be translated into benefits that can be expressed in terms of efficiency or effectiveness. A common example is that best practices databases helps to eliminate less efficient operations through transferring knowledge from the best practitioners. 3. Organizational Benefits this class of benefits are those that impact some of the organizations key goals, such as productivity and customer service. In fact, if organizations want to be success in their routine tasks they have to be close to their products and customers. There could be a competitive advantage in managing the knowledge so, if there is a good plan and strategy in each organization, they can gain benefit. On the other hand effective managing knowledge helps the organizations win by increasing profitability, enhancing product cycle and making the organization more agile (Stewart, 1997). Knowledge management companies benefit by being able to retain and store valuable knowledge. In the long run, the stored knowledge can give these companies an edge over their competitors. Everywhere one goes, one can find knowledge. The difference lies in the method of manipulating and utilizing it. Developing results and desirable knowledge worker behaviors are the goals of the knowledge management system and knowledge management enterprise framework (Bixler, 2000). The investigation conducted by this author (Bixler, 2000) from 118 middle and executive level managers from both large and small technical enterprises in the US shows that the following table 2.12 shows the benefits expected to be achieved if they invest into a knowledge management system: 2.9 CHAPTER SUMMERY In this chapter there are so many important aspects of knowledge management were considered which are categorize in the following table 2.13.